Stopping Power for Light Ions

Graphs, Data, Comments and Programs

This page will never be finished, but I keep trying!
Last update: 20 Oct 2009 (see bottom of page)

I am grateful to Prof. Remigio Cabrera-Trujillo who has kindly offered in 2006 to support me with this work when I am getting too old. So far, he has not had much time for this work. But let us hope...

My name is Helmut Paul . Since 1990, I have been collecting data on stopping powers for light ions, while my colleagues at the University of Linz measured them. I plotted the data versus energy/nucleon, compared them to each other and to the theoretical or semi-empirical curves available in the literature. Together with A. Schinner, I produced a program MSTAR that will predict stopping powers for ions from ₃Li to ₁₈Ar (most recent version 2004). Our program JUDGE is used to compare stopping tables and experimental data in a statistical manner (see, e.g., papers below).

In recent years, the collection has been enlarged to include also heavier ions. It refers to the electronic stopping power of ordinary cold matter, not to the plasma state. It considers gases and amorphous or polycrystalline materials. You are welcome to look at the plots, to use the data collection and to use program MSTAR. Although my collection is large, it is certainly not complete. But I keep it up to date.

Since 2009, tables of Optical Oscillator Strengths have been listed for several elements, see below.

For recent discussions of stopping power data and of some related tables and programs, see papers by H. Paul and (partially) A. Schinner:
"An empirical approach to the stopping power of solids and gases for ions from Li to Ar",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 179 (2001) 299,
"An empirical approach to the stopping power of solids and gases for ions from Li to Ar, Part II",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 195 (2002) 166,
"Judging the reliability of stopping power tables and programs for heavy ions",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 209 (2003) 252,
"Empirical stopping power tables for ions from ₃Li to ₁₈Ar and from 0.001 to 1000 MeV/nucleon in solids and gases",
Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 85 (2003) 377.
"Judging the reliability of stopping power tables and programs for protons and alpha particles using statistical methods",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B 227 (2005) 461
“A comparison of recent stopping power tables for light and medium-heavy ions with experimental data, and applications to radiotherapy dosimetry",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 247 (2006) 166
"Statistical analysis of stopping data for protons and alphas in compounds",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 249 (2006) 1
"New developments in stopping power for fast ions",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 261 (2007) 1176
"Some new results on stopping power for fast ions",
A.I.P. Conf. Proceedings 1099 (2009) 251

Particular aspects of stopping power are discussed in the following papers:
Helmut Paul: ”A note on the Density Effect in the Stopping Power for positive Ions",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 217 (2004) 7
H.Paul and A.Schinner: "Does the Result of a Stopping Power Measurement Depend on the Method Used?",
Physica Scripta 69 (2004) C41
Helmut Paul: "On the Gas-Solid Difference in Stopping Power for low Energy Ions",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 262 (2007) 13
Helmut Paul: "Erratum to 'On the Gas-Solid Difference in Stopping Power for low Energy Ions'",
Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 266 (2008) 857
Helmut Paul: "The Solid-Gas Difference in Stopping Powers, and Statistical Analysis of Stopping Power Data",
Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 267 (2009) 9
H.Paul, P.L.Grande, D.Y.Smith: "Optical Oscillator Strengths, Mean Excitation Energy, Shell Corrections and experimental values for Stopping Power",
Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 267 (2009) 2471

Applications to radiation therapy are discussed in the papers:
H.Paul, O.Geithner,O.Jaekel: "The ratio of stopping powers of water and air for dosimetry applications in tumor therapy"
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 256 (2007) 561
H.Paul, O.Geithner,O.Jaekel: "The Influence of Stopping Powers upon Dosimetry for Radiation Therapy with Energetic Ions"
Adv. Quantum Chem. 52 (2007) 289
H.Paul: "The mean ionization potential of water,and its connection to the range of energetic carbon ions in water",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 255 (2007) 435
H.Paul: "On the I values for Liquid Water used in ICRU Reports 49 and 73",
ICRU News 2007 #1

Introduction to Graphs and Data

Do you want to see an example of a picture ? The gif-picture shows the measured stopping power data for carbon ions in aluminum from many different sources. Every symbol corresponds to a data point; the different letters correspond to different publications. The various curves correspond to different fitted semi-empirical curves from the literature. To save or print, right-click on the picture.
If you can use the program Microcal Origin to view one of my *.org files, you are much better off: not only do you get a better view of the graph, but you may also change the scales to suit your interest, and you may view the numerical data (measured points and curves) themselves. As an example, try the file 12CAl.org that corresponds to the picture shown above. Click here to save the compressed version (12CAl.zip) of the file to your disk. You can also save the file to disk by pointing to the underlined word and using Save Link As. Then decompress (unzip) the file with a suitable program, and open using Origin. If you have difficulties, please tell me (address below).
The stopping power shown in the graphs is the electronic stopping power. The stopping power due to collisions between projectile and an entire atom ("nuclear" stopping power) is small in most cases shown, cf. plot for Ar ions in Al below.
For ions heavier than helium, you can also see "universal" plots, where all the data for the particular ion are shown on one graph (see introduction to "Heavier Ions" below).
There are separate chapters below for hydrogen ions, helium ions and heavier ions. In addition, there is a chapter on "oscillations", i.e., graphs showing the stopping power as a function of the atomic number of ion or target, and a chapter on statistical analyses.
To download all the files of experimental data (including those not yet shown in the graphs), click here.
To see a list of the compounds treated in our statistical analyses, click here.
To see a list of data rejected in these analyses, see statistical analyses.
The data reference codes are explained in the list of all data references , and the curve designations in the list of stopping power tables and programs.

Hydrogen Ions.

Earlier graphical presentations can be found in AZ77, Z77, ICRU49 and BP95 (these reference codes are explained in the list of stopping power tables and programs ).

See also: H. Paul, D. Semrad and A. Seilinger, "Reference stopping cross sections for hydrogen and helium ions in selected elements", Nucl. Instr. Methods in Phys. Res. B61 (1991) 261

Do you want to see the list of all the data for hydrogen ions available in my files? The list was brought up to date in 2007. In this list, every line corresponds to one data file. The targets are ordered alphabetically. The headings in the list have the following meaning:

M	Mass Number of Projectile
Eq. Energy	Equivalent Proton Energy, i.e., energy of a proton of equal speed
Error	Error in percent. "e" means estimate.
Ref.	Reference Code, see list of all data references
Meas.	Number of measurement within the publication (you don’t need that!)
Method	Method of measurement according to classification by Paul, Semrad and Seilinger, Table 5
Ag.	State of aggregation (s: solid; g: gaseous). G: graphite (as opposed to amorphous carbon)
File	File designation: the file name Al.005, e.g., means file number 5 for hydrogen ions on Al.

In the graphs below, electronic stopping power in 10^-15eV cm²/atom is plotted versus equivalent proton energy. Symbol A means file number 1 (e.g., file Al.001 for Al targets), symbol B means file number 2, etc. The data reference codes are explained in the list of all data references , and the curve designations in the list of stopping power tables and programs .

Graphs are only shown where at least two or three data files are available for the particular target. At present, graphs are available for the following targets:

Ions	Target	To see graph	Remark
H ions	Acetylene	Click here
H ions	Ag	Click here	The Wa49 and No75 data appear too low
H ions	Air	Click here
H ions	Al	Click here	The new CasP version 3.0 is now correct down to 20 keV
H ions	Al₂O₃	Click here	The large binding effect of this compound is not well described by Ziegler’s program
H ions	Ar	Click here	Z03 agrees well with the data, ZBL85=Z92 was too low
H ions	Au	Click here	A threshold for emission of 5d electrons has been found by Mk08 at 0.9 keV/nucleon.
H ions	Au, versus v	Click here	The measurements by Mk07 and Mk08 (similar to those by Fg07 for channeled ions) show a threshold effect at v = 0.19 v0, corresponding to the onset of 5d electrons to the stopping process. At lower energy, the stopping is due to 6s electrons alone.
H ions	B	Click here
H ions	Be	Click here
H ions	Bi	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with the data
H ions	Br	Click here	Excellent agreement between Ba84 and the Z03 curve for gaseous Br
H ions	C amorphous	Click here	The program by Grande and Schiwietz (GS00) using a single value for the mean excitation energy is low at the maximum, but agrees well with the data if different excitation energies are used for the subshells (GS00osc). The Op75 data appear high
H ions	Ca	Click here	At low energy, the Ep94a data are higher than all the semiempirical curves
H ions	Cd	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the scant data
H ions	Ce	Click here	The low Si72 data are apparently incorrect (see Kn80)
H ions	CH₄	Click here
H ions	Cl	Click here	Excellent agreement between Z03 and the only data (Ba84)
H ions	Co	Click here
H ions	CO₂	Click here
H ions	Cr	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with all the data
H ions	Cu	Click here	The Gt62 and No75 data appear too low
H ions	Diamond	Click here
H ions	Ethylene	Click here
H ions	Fe	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with all the data (except for Ar69)
H ions	GaAs	Click here
H ions	GaSb	Click here
H ions	Gd	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data, ICRU49 is too high
H ions	Ge	Click here	Discrepancy especially between Me82a and Ep92. But Mertens data tend to be generally high before 1986
H ions	Graphite	Click here
H ions	H₂	Click here	Z85 and Z89 are much too low here, but Z03 is good. The Cr42 data are too low
H ions	H₂O Phase effect	Click here	The ICRU curves agree with the vapor data and with the Wenzel ice data within 2-3%. The gas-solid difference of ICRU ( 13%) is close to the experimental value.
H ions	H₂O vapor	Click here
H ions	H₂O condensed	Click here	First measurements of stopping power of liquid water! GarM09 curve is nearly correct.
H ions	Havar	Click here	Excellent agreement of the data with each other and with Z03
H ions	He	Click here	The two measurements Gl91 and RG01, though in mutual conflict, show a very strong threshold effect. Z03 fits Gl91. At low energy, ICRU49 = AZ77 is too high. The Cr42 data are too low
H ions	In	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
H ions	Kapton (Polyimide)	Click here
H ions	KCl	Click here	The new Mk09 data show an extrapolated threshold
H ions	Li	Click here	Z03 is good, but earlier versions are too low
H ions	Lithium Fluoride	Click here
H ions	Lithium Fluoride	Click here	The new Mk09 data show a stopping power threshold at v = 0.1 a.u. (250 eV/u)
H ions	LR-115	Click here	Cellulose Nitrate Nuclear Track Detector
H ions	Methane	Click here
H ions	Mg	Click here	The large gas-solid difference found by Bauer et al is not described by Ziegler’s program Z03
H ions	Mo	Click here
H ions	Mylar	Click here
H ions	N₂	Click here	The low points due to B82a are for solid N₂
H ions	Nb	Click here	The Bh73 data appear too low compared to Si84, Bi86, and Z03 is too high
H ions	Ne	Click here
H ions	Ni	Click here	Here, there is an old discrepancy: many data are higher than the Linz data due to Se86a. It could be that many transmission measurements are high (cf. Mertens, Bauer, Semrad, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B15(1986) 91)
H ions	O₂	Click here	Excellent agreement between all data and Z03
H ions	Pb	Click here	At low energy, the Ep92 data look unusual, but the Mont09a curve is close to them.
H ions	Pd	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the scant data
H ions	Polycarbonate	Click here
H ions	Polyethylene	Click here
H ions	Polypropylene	Click here
H ions	Polystyrene	Click here
H ions	Propylene	Click here
H ions	Pt	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data; ICRU49 is too high
H ions	Rb	Click here	Z03 agrees very well with Ep94b; earlier curves are too low
H ions	Sb	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
H ions	Si	Click here	The Ar69 and Gm76 data appear too low. SRIM 2006 and SRIM 2003 give identical stopping powers
H ions	SiC	Click here
H ions	SiO₂	Click here	The Mk09 data show a threshold at low velocity
H ions	Sn	Click here
H ions	Ta	Click here	The Si72 data appear too low compared to Lu79, Si84, etc.
H ions	Ti	Click here	The Gt62 and Ar69 data appear too high compared to Or71
H ions	V	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
H ions	W	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
H ions	Xe	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data; ICRU 49 fits less well at 2000 keV
H ions	Y	Click here	At the maximum, all the curves are below the data
H ions	Yb	Click here	The low Si72 data are apparently incorrect (see Kn80)
H ions	Zn	Click here	The large gas-solid difference found by Bauer et al is not described by Ziegler’s program
H ions	ZnSiP₂	Click here
H ions	Zr	Click here	Excellent agreement between Z03 and the scant data

To use the Origin files, click here to get file H-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the *.org files for H ions, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1.

Helium Ions.

Earlier graphical presentations can be found in Z77, ICRU49 and BP95 (these reference codes are explained in the list of stopping power tables and programs ).

See also: H. Paul, D. Semrad and A. Seilinger, "Reference stopping cross sections for hydrogen and helium ions in selected elements", Nucl. Instr. Methods in Phys. Res. B61 (1991) 261

Do you want to see the list of all the data for helium ions available in my files? The list was brought up to date in 2007. The headings are similar to those of the list for hydrogen ions (see above). In the graphs below, electronic stopping power in E(-15)eVcm2/atom is plotted versus equivalent alpha energy. Symbol A means file number 1 (e.g., file C.01 for C targets), symbol B means file number 2, etc. The data reference codes are explained in the list of all data references , and the curve designations in the list of stopping power tables and programs

Graphs are only shown where at least two or three data files are available for the particular target. At present, graphs are available for the following targets:

Ions	Target	To see graph	Remark
He Ions	Acetylene	Click here
He Ions	Ag	Click here	Te57 data are very high compared to Gt62, Th81
He Ions	Air	Click here
He Ions	Al	Click here	The new Bichsel calculation is slightly high at low energy
He Ions	Al₂O₃	Click here
He Ions	Ar	Click here	In agreement with Chu’s and Besenbacher’s measurements, Z03 (SRIM2003) predicts no gas-solid difference. Excellent agreement of Z03 and ICRU 49 with the data
He Ions	Au	Click here	Pe81 data are too high compared to many others
He Ions	Au, versus v	Click here	There is an indication of a stopping threshold similar to the case of H ions in Au
He Ions	B	Click here
He Ions	Be	Click here
He Ions	Bi	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with the data
He Ions	Butane	Click here
He Ions	C	Click here	Pe81 data are too high compared to many others
He Ions	Ca	Click here	Large discrepancy between Eppacher measurement and Z03
He Ions	CO₂	Click here
He Ions	CCl₄ liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Co	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
He Ions	Cr	Click here Click here	The second graph shows the low energy data by Sp98 better; reevaluated Sp98 data are shown by circles (cf. remarks for Mo)
He Ions	Cu	Click here Click here	The second graph shows the low energy data by Sp98 better; reevaluated Sp98 data are shown by circles (cf. remarks for Mo)
He Ions	Cyclohexane liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Cyclopropane	Click here
He Ions	Dy	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with most of the data
He Ions	Ethane	Click here
He Ions	Ethyl alcohol liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Ethylene	Click here
He Ions	Fe	Click here	Good agreement of the curves (except for Z99) with most of the data
He Ions	Formvar	Click here
He Ions	GaSb	Click here
He Ions	Ge	Click here
He Ions	H₂	Click here	Good agreement between Z03, ICRU 49 and the data
He Ions	H₂S	Click here
He Ions	Havar	Click here
He Ions	He	Click here	Excellent agreement between curves and data (except for Hb72)
He Ions	Heptane liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Hexane liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Kapton, Polyimide	Click here
He Ions	KCl	Click here	The new Mk09 data show an (extrapolated) threshold
He Ions	Kr	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 and ICRU 49 with the data
He Ions	LiF	Click here	The new Mk09 data show a threshold at v = 0.1 a.u. (250 eV/u)
He Ions	Methane	Click here
He Ions	Methyl alcohol liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	Mg	Click here
He Ions	Mo	Click here Click here	The Sp98 data are exceptional in that they go down as far as 0.01 keV (see the second graph). But these values are based on an evaluation of measured ranges for 5 - 100 keV He ions, taking the energy dependence from TRIM 95. We re-evaluated the Sp98 data by a comparison with Monte Carlo ranges from SRIM 2003 (circles).
He Ions	Mylar	Click here
He Ions	N₂	Click here	Excellent agreement between curves and the data
He Ions	Ne	Click here	Excellent agreement between curves and data
He Ions	Ni	Click here Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data above 20 keV. See also remark for Mo.
He Ions	O₂	Click here	Excellent agreement between Z03, ICRU 49 and data
He Ions	Pb	Click here
He Ions	Pentane liquid, vapor	Click here
He Ions	3-Pentanone vapor	Click here
He Ions	Polycarbonate	Click here
He Ions	Polypropylene	Click here
He Ions	Polystyrene	Click here
He Ions	Polysulfone	Click here
He Ions	Propane	Click here
He Ions	Propyl alcohol vapor	Click here
He Ions	Propylene	Click here
He Ions	Propylene oxide vapor	Click here
He Ions	Pt	Click here	Good agreement between Z03 and the data
He Ions	Se	Click here	Fair agreement of Z03 with the data, except for Co83
He Ions	SF₆	Click here
He Ions	Si	Click here	The ICRU 49 curve appears slightly low at the maximum
He Ions	SiC	Click here
He Ions	SiO₂	Click here
He Ions	SiO₂	Click here	Contrary to the hydrogen data, the helium data do not show a threshold
He Ions	Sn	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with the data except for Ep94a
He Ions	Ta	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
He Ions	Ta₂O₅	Click here
He Ions	Ti	Click here	Good agreement of the curves with the data (except for Gt62)
He Ions	V	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data
He Ions	Vyns	Click here
He Ions	W	Click here	Good agreement
He Ions	Water	Click here	GarM09 curve reproduces the data quite well
He Ions	Water vapor	Click here
He Ions	Xe	Click here	Excellent agreement of Z03 with the data; ICRU 49 fits less well at 2000 keV
He Ions	Y	Click here	Fair agreement of Z03 with the data, except for Ep94a at low energy
He Ions	Zn	Click here
He Ions	ZnTe	Click here
He Ions	Zr	Click here	Good agreement of Z03 with the scant data

To use the Origin files, click here to get file He-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the *.org files for He ions, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1.

Heavier Ions

Do you want to see the List of all the data for heavier ions available in my files? See also the matrix which shows the number of available data files for all Z₁ - Z₂ - combinations, where Z₁ is the atomic number of the projectile, Z₂ that of the target. Z₂ > 100 refers to mixtures and compounds. Please note that generally, graphs are only shown if at least three data files from different publications are available for the particular ion-target combination. So the data files are more complete than the graphs. In the graphs below, electronic stopping power in MeV/(mg/cm2) is plotted versus projectile energy per nucleon. Symbol A means file number 1, symbol B means file number 2, etc. The data reference codes are explained in the list of all data references , and the curve designations in the list of stopping power tables and programs . For ions up to Ti, there are also "universal plots" showing all the data obtained with one projectile. The data are divided by the electronic alpha stopping powers from ICRU Report 49, and normalized in such a way that they approach unity at high energy.

Graphs are only shown where at least two or three data files are available for the particular target. At present, graphs are available for the following projectiles and targets:

Projectiles	Target	To see graph:	Remarks
₃Li ions	Ag	Click here	PASS too high at low energy
	Air	Click here	Data by Hv71 appear low
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	Note that Ziegler's stopping power has been improved (increased) since Z92.
	B	Click here
	C	Click here	Here, many curves stay below the data at the maximum!
	CH₄	Click here
	CO₂	Click here	PASS too high at low energy
	Cu	Click here	PASS too high
	Gd	Click here
	H₂	Click here
	He	Click here	Data by Hv71 appear low. PASS too high at low energy
	Lu	Click here
	Kapton	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N2	Click here
	Ne	Click here	Data by Hv71 appear low. PASS too high at low energy
	Ni	Click here	The BEST curve is only good at high energy. PASS too high
	Pd	Click here
	Polycarbonate	Click here
	Polypropylene	Click here
	Si	Click here	The Ziegler curve has been improved since 1999
	SiO2	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Toluene	Click here
	Water, liquid	Click here
	Zn	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Li ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Li-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₄Be ions	Al	Click here	Point by Ang00 high compared to Zha02b
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Fe	Click here
	He	Click here
	Ne	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Be ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Be-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₅B ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	Data by Bt65 low compared to other data
	B	Click here
	C	Click here
	Gd	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ni	Click here	Data by Bt65 low compared to other data
	Poly carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here	This figure is quite similar to Fig. 14 of the Konac paper (KO98). Surprisingly, the Ziegler curve fits the data by the same group (Ds97) better than the Konac curve (KO98).
	Here is the universal plot for B ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file B-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₆C ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here	The MSTAR curves follow the data points very well
	Au	Click here
	B	Click here
	Be	Click here	Note the remarkable discrepancy between the (only) two data sets for C on Be!
	C	Click here	The Ziegler, ATIMA, PASS and MSTAR curves fit the data quite well, the Konac curve (KO98) does not (at high energy because of the chosen I-value). Below the maximum, Geant4 becomes unreliable. CasP fits well except at low energy
	Cu	Click here
	Ge	Click here
	Graphite	Click here
	H	Click here
	He	Click here
	Kapton	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N	Click here
	Ni	Click here	Hu00 Data appear too steep compared to Sa91, Po60, Ve79. In Hu00, the numbers in Table1 disagree with Fig. 1.
	Poly carbonate	Click here
	Polyvinyl chloride	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Silicon nitride	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for C ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file C-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₇N ions	Ag	Click here	IDSA Data by Zi87 extrapolate to finite value for v=0: strange!
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here	Sa91 and Na68 data appear too high
	Al₂O₃	Click here
	Ar	Click here	Data by Fu96 very low compared to Or68, We53
	Au	Click here	Nd77 data appear too steep
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here	IDSA Data by Zi87 extrapolate to finite value for v=0: strange!
	Ge	Click here
	H	Click here
	He	Click here
	N	Click here
	Kr	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	Ne	Click here
	Ni	Click here	IDSA Data by Zi87 extrapolate to finite value for v=0: strange!
	Poly carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here
	SiO₂	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Xe	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for N ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file N-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₈O ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	For discussion of discrepant data (Sd74, Nd77), see 2001 paper by Paul and Schinner
	B	Click here
	Be	Click here	Note the remarkable discrepancy between the data sets Ch68 and Sa92, similar to the case of carbon ions on Be!
	C	Click here	Below the maximum , Geant4 becomes unreliable, GS (CasP) is somewhat low. At the maximum, NS70 is slightly high
	Cu	Click here
	H₂	Click here
	He	Click here	The points at 95 MeV/nucleon appear high.
	In	Click here
	Kapton	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ne	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	O₂	Click here
	Poly carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here
	SiC	Click here
	Sn	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for O ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file O-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₉F ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Mo	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Poly- carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for F ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file F-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₀Ne ions	Ag	Click here	Data by Tp62 low compared to other data
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	The Nd77 data appear low (for other discrepant Nd77 data, see 2001 paper ).
	C	Click here	The Po61 data appear high. Z98 lies high above Z96 and Z99.
	H	Click here
	He	Click here	At the maximum, the curves by Ziegler and MSTAR differ considerably, but there are no experimental points to decide.
	N	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Ne ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Ne-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₁Na ions	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	C	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Na ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Na-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₂Mg ions	Ag	Click here	Note large discrepancy between data by At90 and Wr79, see also 2001 paper
	Air	Click here	Data by Hv71 low compared to Fa68
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here	Note large discrepancy between data by At90 and Wr79, see also 2001 paper
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Fe	Click here
	He	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Poly- carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Mg ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Mg-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₃Al ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here	Data by Po61 low compared to Fa66. All the curves fit the data well
	Mylar	Click here	Ziegler's (SRIM 2001) Bragg correction is visible: the corrected curve has a 5% step at 10 MeV (0.37 MeV/nucleon)
	Ni	Click here
	Poly- carbonate	Click here
	SiC	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Al ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Al-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₄Si ions	Al	Click here	For comparison, "nuclear" stopping is shown as calculated by SRIM
	Ag	Click here
	Au	Click here	The Nd77 data appear low (for other discrepant Nd77 data, see 2001 paper ).
	C	Click here	The KO98 curve is surprisingly high.
	Cu	Click here
	Ge	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Poly- carbonate	Click here
	Poly propylene	Click here
	Si	Click here
	SiO2	Click here	Good agreement with PASS, SRIM. MSTAR slightly low
	W	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Si ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Si-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₅P ions	Al	Click here
	C	Click here
	Ge	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for P ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file P-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch. 1
₁₆S ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	Note that the (high) values of Bt66 are no more mentioned by Sd75, even though both publications have a common author . See 2001 paper by Paul and Schinner
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	H₂	Click here
	He	Click here
	Kr	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for S ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file S-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₁₇Cl ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	H₂	Click here
	He	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Cl ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Cl-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₁₈Ar ions	Ag	Click here
	Air	Click here
	Al	Click here	All the electronic stopping curves agree well. "Nuclear" is the total nuclear stopping, integrated over all scattering angles, calculated using SRIM
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here	The Nd77 data are too low
	Be	Click here
	C	Click here	The low energy Trz02 data appear low
	CH₄	Click here
	CO₂	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	H₂	Click here	Here, most of the curves (Ziegler, CasP, Hiraoka, Northcliffe) lie below the data, but MSTAR fits well
	He	Click here
	Kr	Click here
	Mylar	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ne	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Poly carbonate	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Ar ions! To get the ORIGIN files, click here to get file Ar-Files.zip, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₁₉K ions	C	Click here
₁₉K ions	Here is the universal plot for K ions! Click here to get file K-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for K ions, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₂₀Ca ions	C	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Au	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Ca ions! Click here to get file Ca-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the *.org files for Ca ions, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₂₁Sc ions	C	Click here
₂₁Sc ions	Here is the universal plot for Sc ions! Click here to get file Sc-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the *.org files for Sc ions, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₂₂Ti ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Here is the universal plot for Ti ions! Click here to get file Ti-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Ti ions, and continue as outlined in Ch.1
₂₄Cr ions	C	Click here
₂₄Cr ions	Click here to get file Cr-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Cr ions
₂₅Mn ions	C	Click here
₂₅Mn ions	Click here to get file Mn-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Mn ions
₂₆Fe ions	C	Click here
₂₆Fe ions	Click here to get file Fe-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Fe ions
₂₈Ni ions	Ag	Click here	Here, NS70 is low at the maximum
	Al	Click here	The Hak02 data seem strange
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Click here to get file Ni-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Ni ions
₂₉Cu ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here	Here, NS70 is low at the maximum
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here	Here, NS70 is low at the maximum
	Cu	Click here
	Click here to get file Cu-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Cu ions
₃₂Ge ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	C	Click here
	Click here to get file Ge-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Ge ions
₃₃As ions	Si	Click here
₃₃As ions	Click here to get file As-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for As ions
₃₅Br ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Click here to get file Br-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Br ions
₃₆Kr ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here	The Northcliffe (NS) curve is low, while the Hubert curve (HU90) fits the data well
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here
	Be	Click here
	C	Click here
	Carbon dioxide	Click here
	CF₄	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	H₂	Click here
	He	Click here
	Kr	Click here
	Methane	Click here
	N₂	Click here
	Ne	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Si	Click here
	Sn	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Xe	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Click here to get file Kr-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Kr ions
₄₁Nb ions	Ni	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Click here to get file Nb-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Nb ions
₄₇Ag ions	Al	Click here
	Fe	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Pd	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	V	Click here
	Zn	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Click here to get file Ag-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Ag ions
₅₃I ions	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here
	Click here to get file I-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for I ions
₅₄Xe ions	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here	Ziegler appears too low for light targets, but Hubert fits the data
	Cu	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Pb	Click here	The Saxena results (nuclear track technique) appear strange
	Si	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Click here to get file Xe-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Xe ions
₇₄W ions	Au	Click here
₇₄W ions	Click here to get file W-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for W ions
₇₉Au ions	Al	Click here Click here	The ATIMA calculation reproduces the high energy data perfectly, while the Hubert and Ziegler tables are slightly low
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
	Cu	Click here Click here	The ATIMA calculation reproduces the high energy data perfectly, while the Hubert and Ziegler tables are slightly low
	Ni	Click here
	Click here to get file Au-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Au ions
₈₂Pb ions	Al	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here	Ziegler appears very low for light targets, but Hubert fits the data
	Ni	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Click here to get file Pb-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Pb ions
₈₃Bi ions	Ag	Click here	The Lindhard-S�rensen curve follows the high energy data better than SRIM (Z08)
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	Cu	Click here	The Lindhard-S�rensen curve follows the high energy data better than SRIM (Z08)
	Pb	Click here
	Ta	Click here
	Click here to get file Bi-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for Bi ions
₉₂U ions	Ag	Click here
	Ar	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here	Ziegler appears too low for light targets, but Hubert fits the data
	Kr	Click here
	Ni	Click here
	Ti	Click here
	Zr	Click here
	Click here to get file U-Files.zip which contains the compressed version of all the ORIGIN files for U ions

Computer Programs

In 2001, I have started to add links to computer programs : to our program MSTAR, and to those of other authors.

In the article "Empirical stopping power tables…” by H. Paul and A. Schinner published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables (see above), results of MSTAR are presented in tabular form.

Oscillations

If one plots the stopping power of one substance for various ions at constant, sufficiently low, velocity versus the atomic number of the ion, Z₁, one obtains “Z₁-oscillations” which correspond to the different atomic structures of the various ions. Similarly, graphs of the stopping power of one ion versus the atomic number of the target atom, Z₂, show “Z₂-oscillations”. Some examples are shown below.

Abscissa Z₁	Target		Remark
	Ag	Click here
	Al	Click here
	Au	Click here
	C	Click here
Abscissa Z₂	Ion		Remark
	Cu	Click here
	N	Click here
	O	Click here

Please let me have your comments!
Helmut Paul
Institute for Experimental Physics
University of Linz
A-4040 Linz
Austria
Telephone: +43-732-2468-8514
Fax: +43-732-2468-8509

email: helmut.paul@jku.at

Back to beginning of Stopping Page?

Tables of Optical Oscillator Strengths. The optical oscillator strengths listed here for Al, Cu,and Au are due to J.M. Fern�ndez-Varea, R. Mayol, D. Liljequist and F. Salvat, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5 (1993) 3593-3610. They are shown graphically in Fig. 1 of that paper.
The optical oscillator strengths for Si are due to D.Y. Smith et al., see H. Paul, P.L.Grande, D.Y.Smith, "Optical Oscillator Strengths, Mean Excitation Energy, Shell Corrections and experimental values for Stopping Power" Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 267 (2009) 2471.

Last updates:

20 Oct 2009	Theoretical curves for H, He in liquid water, and for H in W, Au, Pb and Bi. Low energy stopping values for H, He in LiF, KCl, and SiO₂. New data for Xe and Y ions, for He, Li and heavy ions in Si, and for Ti in Au added.
23 Jun 2009	New data for H ions in Au, Si and liquid water and for He in Si added
12 Jun 2009	Theoretical END curves for hydrogen ions by Cab00, Cab02, Cab05, Cab08 and tables of optical oscillator strengths added.
29 Jan 2009	Stopping curves from Dent08 and data for Kr and Xe in silicon added. New version of data collection SCSData.zip
6 Nov 2008	Data for H in water vapor, Cl and Si in polymers, Li in Zn, and Au in Ni added
4 Sep 2008	Data for heavy ions in polymers, and for protons in AlF₃ added
16 Jun 2008	Curve from YC02 for He in Si added
4 Jun 2008	Points due to Vs00 for H in Pd and Au corrected
26 May 2008	File SCSData.zip reinstalled that had been removed by mistake.
25 Apr 2008	Data for U ions by Brn72 added.
8 Feb 2008	Threshold effect for H and He in Au. Li ion data by YuH08. I reduced the size of the source code by a factor two using wordcleaner by textism.
12 Oct 2007	New data for He in Si and SiC, and for Cu in Au.
13 July 2007	Better presentation of gas/solid difference for He ions in gases. Update of *.zip files.
14 May 2007	Data by Hs07, Sun07, YuH07, and Zad07 added (not all in graphs)
7 March 2007	Section "Statistical Analysis" reorganized and beginning of page improved. Curves from Abr07 added to figures. Download of MSTAR corrected.
10 Jan 2007	Data by Fer06, Kny06, MP07, WD06, Zha06c added (not all in graphs)
31 Aug 2006	Data by Al04, HA05ab, Dm06, Per06, MM06, Fet06 added
14 Mar 2006	Recent articles added
13 Dec 2005	New data for air, H2, H2O, LiF, SiC, polycarbonate, aluminum oxide and other targets included
17 Oct 2005	Included new section with all the experimental data files
1 Sep 2005	PASS curves added to many graphs
26 Aug 2005	New section "Statistical Analysis" added
23 Jun 2005	Many additional data and corresponding graphs added, especially for H and He ions in (new) compounds
30 May 2005	List of compound targets brought up to date
4 Apr 2005	List of compound targets (for H and He ions) added
28 Nov 2004, 7 Feb 2005	Many additional data and new graphs added, especially for H and He ions in air and compounds. Zip files brought up to date
1 Sep 2004	Some new graphs and remarks for H, He, and Li ions
24 Jun 2004	Many comments added to graphs for H and He ions
16 Jun 2004	Recent data added for various ions in Si, and for Au, Pb, and U projectiles
29 May 2004	Naglib routine S15AEF in MSTAR replaced by a local routine (MSTAR 3.12)
22 Apr 2004	Recent data added for He ions in Ag, Ar, Au, Cr, Cu, He, Kr, Mg, Mo, N2, Ne, Ni, O2, Ti, Xe. New graphs for H ions in Br, Cl, and Graphite.
26 Mar 2004	Data added for He ions in Al, Ar, Be, Bi, C, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Fe, Ge, H₂, He, Kr, Mo, N₂, Ne, Ni, O₂, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Ta, Ti, V, W, Xe,, Y. Many new graphs.
11 Mar 2004	Data added for H ions in Au, Be, C, Cd, Cr, Cu, H, He, In, N, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, Xe, Zr; for He ions in Ag, Au, Si; for Li ions in Cu, Zn; for N ions in Au. Corresponding zip-files updated
22 Dec 2003	Data added for Li ions. New or updated graphs for H ions in H₂, He, Be, N₂, O₂, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ta, Pt, Au, Pb, and Bi targets. New list of data files for H ions.
14 Nov 2003	New graphs added for H, Li, C, Mg, and Ag ions; zip files updated, Ag-Files.zip new.
9 Jul 2003	New graphs for Li, O, Ti, Nb, Xe, W, Au, Pb and U ions
26 Jun 2003	*.zip files containing ORIGIN files updated. New section ?Oscillations? added
28 May 2003	Graphs for H ions with gas-solid effect. Some data by Whl02 (in Si) added; also LiX02b
8 Apr 2003	New version 3.11 of MSTAR also calculates B, Zr, and Ta targets
3 Apr 2003	Graphs for new targets: B, Ta, Zr
1 Apr 2003	Many new targets for Kr ions added
13 Feb 2003	Many compounds added
06 Feb 2003	Several Z03 curves added. Universal plots renewed.
24 Jan 2003	*.zip files containing ORIGIN files updated
02 Dec 2002	New version (3.00) of MSTAR, based on the new data, and nickel target data
04 Sep 2002	Added new data by Ala01, Ala02, Ara02, Aze02, Hak02, Kha01, LiX02, Pen01, Shr02, Trz02, Whl02a, Zha02b. Redundant data by Hv68 removed.
12 Mar 2002	Mylar, Kapton and graphite graphs added. Also curves by Northcliffe and Geant4
21 Nov 2001	Structure of page reorganised. Data files up to ₃₆Kr ions completed. Some graphs for Xe and U ions added.
17 Oct 2001	Some graphs corrected, Mylar data added, Hiraoka and MSTAR curves added, tables updated
15 Oct 2001	Links to computer programs added
19 Jul 2001	*.zip files updated, some new. Universal curves updated
27 Jun 2001	Data for K, Ar, Ca, Sc, Ti ions added
9 May 2001	An78 data (Li ions) added, Bi90 data (O ions) removed, LuX00 data (O and F ions) added
13 Nov 2000	Universal curves added; Li ions on Al, C ,Cu ,H2 ,He ,Ne ,Ni; B on Al, C; O on C, Ni
6 Sep 2000	C, N, O on carbon; O on aluminum
30 May 2000	New graphs for gas targets. New data by Hu99, Ang00, Hu00, She00 for solid targets
6 Apr 2000	Improved graphs for C, O, Ar projectiles (new Ziegler and GS curves), etc.
15 Mar 2000	New/improved graphs: H on Al, C, Gd, Pt, Ta, W; C on Ag, Au; S on Ag, H, Kr;Cl on Ar, H
10 Jan 2000	Additional points by Si84 for H on Al, Gd, Pt, Ta, and W
21 Dec 1999	New graphs: H on Gd,Pt; B on Ag,Au; Mg on Ag,Al. Others improved.
24 Nov 1999	Improved layout, and some new data.
18 Oct 1999	Correction: Points of Po60 for O projectiles had been plotted at wrong energies.

Stopping Power for Light Ions

Graphs, Data, Comments and Programs

Introduction to Graphs and Data

Hydrogen Ions.

Ions

Target

To see graph

Remark

Helium Ions.

Ions

Target

To see graph

Remark

Heavier Ions

Projectiles

Target

To see graph:

Remarks

Computer Programs

Oscillations

Last updates: